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Rognvald Eysteinsson
Rognvald Eysteinsson (''fl.'' 865) sometimes referred to with the bynames of "the Wise" or "the Powerful" was the jarl of Møre in Norway and a key figure in the founding of the Earldom of Orkney. Three quite different sources for the creation of the Norse earldom on Orkney and Shetland exist. The best known are those in the Norse Sagas but older evidence is found in the ''Historia Norvegiae'' and the ''Fragmentary Annals of Ireland''. This last source refers to a "Ragnall son of Albdan" who was active in Orkney in 865. The ''Historia'' includes a brief reference to Rognvald, which events are also referred to in the saga material.
The saga sources have much to say about Rognvald, his relationship to the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair, his brother and sons, and the founding of the Orkney and Møre earldoms. However, these are not contemporary, having been written down some three centuries after the events described, and must be treated with considerable care.
These complications have led to a variety of interpretations of the saga texts. Various conclusions have been reached as to the historical authenticity of Rognvald's role and the great voyage he is said to have undertaken to the south and west, led by King Harald, is now widely believed to date from a period some decades before Harald's reign. The meanings behind the sagas have also been interpreted in various ways and recurring themes, including strife between brothers, have been identified. Other scholars have emphasised brief contemporary accounts that may relate to the founding of the Orkney earldom, especially Irish sources, at the expense of the saga material.
==Sources==
The sources are for Rognvald's life are almost exclusively the Norse sagas, none of which were written down at the time of the events they record about his life. The ''Orkneyinga saga'' was first compiled in Iceland in the early 13th century and much of the information it contains is "hard to corroborate".〔Woolf (2007) p. 242〕 Rognvald is also referred to in the ''Heimskringla'' and the ''Historia Norvegiae''. The former was written in Iceland and is of a similar vintage to the ''Orkneyinga saga''; dating the latter has proven to be controversial but a recent analysis has the "majority of scholars in favour of dates between 1170 and 1220"〔Phelpstead (2001) p. xvi〕 whilst admitting that "it remains to be established when, why, where, for whom and by whom it was written".〔Phelpstead (2001) p. ix, quoting Inger Ekrem.〕 Rognvald may also be referred to in the ''Fragmentary Annals of Ireland''. These annals survive only as incomplete copies made by Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh in the 17th century although the originals are believed to date from the lifetime of Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic who died in 1039.〔Radner (1999) p. 322-23〕
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